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Oil Sands
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AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Definitions3.Chemistry4.Viscous Oil Origins, Geological Setting and Resource Base Estimates4.1.Viscous Oil Origins4.2.Geographical Distribution and Resource Base Estimates4.3.Canadian Oil Sands Deposits4.3.1.The Athabasca Oil Sands4.3.2.The Cold Lake Oil Sands4.3.3.The Peace River Viscous Oil Sands4.3.4.The Wabiskaw Viscous Oil Sands4.3.5.The Heavy Oil Belt4.3.6.Venezuelan Viscous Oil Deposits4.4.Other Major Viscous Oil Deposits4.4.1.Russia4.4.2.Kazakhstan4.4.3.Kuwait4.4.4.China4.4.5.Iran5.In situ Production Technologies5.1.Historical Development5.2.Surface Mining5.3.New Oil Production Technologies5.3.1.Technical Screening Criteria for VO Production5.3.2.VO Production Cost Estimates5.3.3.Nonthermal Commercialized Methods5.3.3.1.Cold Production5.3.3.2.Cold Heavy Oil Production With Sand5.3.3.3.Pressure Pulse Stimulation Technology5.3.4.Commercialized Thermal Methods5.3.4.1.In Situ Combustion5.3.4.2.Conventional Steam Processes5.3.4.3.Vertical Well Cyclic Steam Stimulation5.3.4.4.Horizontal Well Cyclic Steam Stimulation5.3.4.5.Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage5.3.5.Emerging Methods5.3.5.1.Vapor‐Assisted Petroleum Production5.3.5.2.Toe‐to‐Heel‐Air Injection5.3.5.3.CAPRI5.3.5.4.Deep Miscible CO2Injection5.3.6.Hybrid Approaches and Sequencing of Technologies5.3.7.Geomechanics of Thermal VO Production5.3.8.Steam Generation5.3.9.Further Technical Issues6.Upgrading and Transportation6.1.Noncatalytic Processes in VO Upgrading6.1.1.Solvent Deasphaltening6.1.2.Thermal Conversion6.1.2.1.Gasification6.1.2.2.Delayed Coking6.1.2.3.Fluid Coking and Flexicoking6.1.2.4.Visbreaking6.2.Catalytic Processes in VO Upgrading6.2.1.Fluid Catalytic Cracking6.2.2.Hydroprocessing/Hydrogenation6.3.Hydrogen Sources6.4.Coke6.5.Sulfur Removal6.6.Future Developments in Upgrading6.7.Viscous Oil Transportation7.Environmental Issues7.1.Surface Mining Solid Wastes7.2.Surface Mining Liquid Wastes and Sludges7.3.In Situ Viscous Oil Recovery Processes7.4.Sulfur and Coke7.5.General Waste Management Options7.6.Zero Emissions Targets7.7.Greenhouse Gas Emissions7.8.Water Issues
Title: Oil Sands
Description:
AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.
Introduction2.
Definitions3.
Chemistry4.
Viscous Oil Origins, Geological Setting and Resource Base Estimates4.
1.
Viscous Oil Origins4.
2.
Geographical Distribution and Resource Base Estimates4.
3.
Canadian Oil Sands Deposits4.
3.
1.
The Athabasca Oil Sands4.
3.
2.
The Cold Lake Oil Sands4.
3.
3.
The Peace River Viscous Oil Sands4.
3.
4.
The Wabiskaw Viscous Oil Sands4.
3.
5.
The Heavy Oil Belt4.
3.
6.
Venezuelan Viscous Oil Deposits4.
4.
Other Major Viscous Oil Deposits4.
4.
1.
Russia4.
4.
2.
Kazakhstan4.
4.
3.
Kuwait4.
4.
4.
China4.
4.
5.
Iran5.
In situ Production Technologies5.
1.
Historical Development5.
2.
Surface Mining5.
3.
New Oil Production Technologies5.
3.
1.
Technical Screening Criteria for VO Production5.
3.
2.
VO Production Cost Estimates5.
3.
3.
Nonthermal Commercialized Methods5.
3.
3.
1.
Cold Production5.
3.
3.
2.
Cold Heavy Oil Production With Sand5.
3.
3.
3.
Pressure Pulse Stimulation Technology5.
3.
4.
Commercialized Thermal Methods5.
3.
4.
1.
In Situ Combustion5.
3.
4.
2.
Conventional Steam Processes5.
3.
4.
3.
Vertical Well Cyclic Steam Stimulation5.
3.
4.
4.
Horizontal Well Cyclic Steam Stimulation5.
3.
4.
5.
Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage5.
3.
5.
Emerging Methods5.
3.
5.
1.
Vapor‐Assisted Petroleum Production5.
3.
5.
2.
Toe‐to‐Heel‐Air Injection5.
3.
5.
3.
CAPRI5.
3.
5.
4.
Deep Miscible CO2Injection5.
3.
6.
Hybrid Approaches and Sequencing of Technologies5.
3.
7.
Geomechanics of Thermal VO Production5.
3.
8.
Steam Generation5.
3.
9.
Further Technical Issues6.
Upgrading and Transportation6.
1.
Noncatalytic Processes in VO Upgrading6.
1.
1.
Solvent Deasphaltening6.
1.
2.
Thermal Conversion6.
1.
2.
1.
Gasification6.
1.
2.
2.
Delayed Coking6.
1.
2.
3.
Fluid Coking and Flexicoking6.
1.
2.
4.
Visbreaking6.
2.
Catalytic Processes in VO Upgrading6.
2.
1.
Fluid Catalytic Cracking6.
2.
2.
Hydroprocessing/Hydrogenation6.
3.
Hydrogen Sources6.
4.
Coke6.
5.
Sulfur Removal6.
6.
Future Developments in Upgrading6.
7.
Viscous Oil Transportation7.
Environmental Issues7.
1.
Surface Mining Solid Wastes7.
2.
Surface Mining Liquid Wastes and Sludges7.
3.
In Situ Viscous Oil Recovery Processes7.
4.
Sulfur and Coke7.
5.
General Waste Management Options7.
6.
Zero Emissions Targets7.
7.
Greenhouse Gas Emissions7.
8.
Water Issues.
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