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Austria 1918–1920: From Empire to Federation

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В статье анализируется становление австрийского федеративного государства в 1918–1920 гг. В течение этого времени Австрия прошла путь от классической империи с монархической формой правления к федеративной республике. Государство возникло на части территории Австро-Венгрии в результате ее распада осенью 1918 г., причиной которого стал рост национально-освободительных движений населявших ее народов. Становление австрийского государства происходило двумя путями: «сверху», через взаимодействие политических партий, и «снизу», благодаря инициативе земель. Законами от 30.10 и 12.11.1918 провозглашалось создание республики Немецкая Австрия как части немецкого государства. В 1920 г. была принята демократическая конституция, закрепившая федеративное государственное устройство. Поскольку принятию Конституции предшествовали переговоры между представителями политических партий и земель, ее можно характеризовать как договор. Важнейшим источником австрийской конституции стал Сен-Жерменский мирный договор, которым утверждалась независимость Австрии. В соответствии с ним государство стало называться «Республика Австрия». Автор приходит к выводу об успешности создания австрийского федеративного государства в годы Первой республики. Федерализм как принцип государственного устройства предотвратил дезинтеграцию собственно австрийских земель и заложил основы государственности Австрии. Одновременно он способствовал развитию самостоятельности, инициативы и культурного многообразия австрийских земель. Социал-демократы, придя к власти в Вене, получили возможности проведения там социальных реформ «Красной Вены». The article analyzes the formation of the Austrian federal state in 1918-1920. During this time, Austria went from a classical empire with a monarchical form of government to a federal republic. The state was created on a part of the territory of Austria-Hungary, which disintegrated in the autumn of 1918, due to the growth of national liberation movements of the peoples dwelling in the empire. The formation of the Austrian state took place in two ways: through the interaction of political parties, and thanks to the initiative of the lands (Länder). The acts of 30.10 and 12.11.1918 proclaimed the foundation of the republic of German Austria as part of the German state. In 1920 a democratic constitution was adopted, which created the Austrian Federation. The Constitution can be characterized as a contract, because its adoption was preceded by negotiations between representatives of political parties and lands. An important source of the Austrian constitution was the Saint-Germain Peace Treaty, which consolidated the independence of Austria. In accordance with it, the state became known as the "Republic of Austria". The author comes to the conclusion about the success of the creation of the Austrian federation in the years of the First Republic. Federalism as a principle of state structure prevented the disintegration of the Austrian lands and laid the foundations of Austrian statehood. At the same time, it promoted the development of autonomy, initiative and cultural diversity of the Austrian lands. The Social Democrats who came to power in Vienna were given the opportunity to carry out social reforms of the "Red Vienna" there.
Title: Austria 1918–1920: From Empire to Federation
Description:
В статье анализируется становление австрийского федеративного государства в 1918–1920 гг.
В течение этого времени Австрия прошла путь от классической империи с монархической формой правления к федеративной республике.
Государство возникло на части территории Австро-Венгрии в результате ее распада осенью 1918 г.
, причиной которого стал рост национально-освободительных движений населявших ее народов.
Становление австрийского государства происходило двумя путями: «сверху», через взаимодействие политических партий, и «снизу», благодаря инициативе земель.
Законами от 30.
10 и 12.
11.
1918 провозглашалось создание республики Немецкая Австрия как части немецкого государства.
В 1920 г.
была принята демократическая конституция, закрепившая федеративное государственное устройство.
Поскольку принятию Конституции предшествовали переговоры между представителями политических партий и земель, ее можно характеризовать как договор.
Важнейшим источником австрийской конституции стал Сен-Жерменский мирный договор, которым утверждалась независимость Австрии.
В соответствии с ним государство стало называться «Республика Австрия».
Автор приходит к выводу об успешности создания австрийского федеративного государства в годы Первой республики.
Федерализм как принцип государственного устройства предотвратил дезинтеграцию собственно австрийских земель и заложил основы государственности Австрии.
Одновременно он способствовал развитию самостоятельности, инициативы и культурного многообразия австрийских земель.
Социал-демократы, придя к власти в Вене, получили возможности проведения там социальных реформ «Красной Вены».
The article analyzes the formation of the Austrian federal state in 1918-1920.
During this time, Austria went from a classical empire with a monarchical form of government to a federal republic.
The state was created on a part of the territory of Austria-Hungary, which disintegrated in the autumn of 1918, due to the growth of national liberation movements of the peoples dwelling in the empire.
The formation of the Austrian state took place in two ways: through the interaction of political parties, and thanks to the initiative of the lands (Länder).
The acts of 30.
10 and 12.
11.
1918 proclaimed the foundation of the republic of German Austria as part of the German state.
In 1920 a democratic constitution was adopted, which created the Austrian Federation.
The Constitution can be characterized as a contract, because its adoption was preceded by negotiations between representatives of political parties and lands.
An important source of the Austrian constitution was the Saint-Germain Peace Treaty, which consolidated the independence of Austria.
In accordance with it, the state became known as the "Republic of Austria".
The author comes to the conclusion about the success of the creation of the Austrian federation in the years of the First Republic.
Federalism as a principle of state structure prevented the disintegration of the Austrian lands and laid the foundations of Austrian statehood.
At the same time, it promoted the development of autonomy, initiative and cultural diversity of the Austrian lands.
The Social Democrats who came to power in Vienna were given the opportunity to carry out social reforms of the "Red Vienna" there.

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