Trace Elements in Industrial Buttermilk Effluent: An XRF Spectrometry Environmental Evaluation

Abstract In Algeria, the disposal of over 300,000 liters of buttermilk daily by dairy industries into sewer systems, without a thorough analysis of its composition, presents significant environmental and economic challenges. This study seeks to rigorously assess and characterize the acid buttermilk produced by a leading dairy industry in Constantine, eastern Algeria, addressing the critical need for sustainable management practices in light of its high organic matter content.Buttermilk samples were procured from the foremost dairy farm in Constantine. The study employed standard laboratory methodologies to measure Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), pH, lactose, total nitrogen, nitrate, and nitrites. Mineral composition was analyzed via X-ray fluorescence spectrometry using OMNIAN software. Data analysis was conducted with Minitab 2018 to ensure statistical rigor.The analysis revealed high levels of BOD (312,110 ± 0.57 mg O2/L) and COD (90,351 ± 0.002 mg O2/L), indicating significant organic pollution potential. Nitrite and nitrate concentrations were recorded at 1.22 mg/L ± 1 and 0.0299 mg/L ± 0.0003, respectively, with total nitrogen at 0.467 ± 0.003. The pH was slightly acidic at 4.33 ± 0.125, and the temperature averaged at 15.66°C ± 0.75. Mineralogical analysis identified the presence of calcium, potassium, chloride, phosphorus, silicon, and magnesium, underscoring the environmental impact risk. This comprehensive assessment underscores the urgent need for effective buttermilk management strategies in Algerian dairy industries. Implementing sustainable practices is imperative to mitigate the environmental risks and enhance the economic viability of the sector.