Enzymes in Bovine Placenta: A review

The placenta is indispensable for the maintenance of pregnancy. It is responsible for the metabolism of the foetus and the mother and their connection. The enzymes that catalyse the metabolic reactions involved not only in biochemical pathways but also in the synthesis and breakdown of biologically active substances are widely distributed in placental cells and tissues. Their presence assures the physiological course of pregnancy and changes in their activity may cause pregnancy disorders. The present review summarizes the knowledge on the enzymes in the bovine placenta, shedding light on their multifaceted functions and importance. It focuses on enzymes with a key role in antioxidant defence mechanisms, protecting both the foetus and the mother from the harmful effects of free radicals, on enzymes involved in the synthesis of sex steroids, a key aspect of hormonal regulation during pregnancy, and on enzymes responsible for prostaglandin metabolism that affect various physiological processes. It also defines the enzymes involved in the metabolism of connective tissue, which contribute to the structural integrity of this important organ and ensure its continued functionality throughout pregnancy. Finally, it provides information on enzymes related to DNA damage and on indicatory enzymes. By presenting placental enzymes, we hope to provide insights into the biochemical processes that underlie the maintenance of a healthy pregnancy and placental development and maturation and to describe the potential implications of problems with the enzymes, e.g. the retention of foetal membranes (RFM).