Perigenual and Subgenual Anterior Cingulate Afferents Converge on Common Pyramidal Cells in Amygdala Subregions of the Macaque

Abstract The subgenual (sgACC) and pregenual (pgACC) anterior cingulate are important afferents of the amygdala, with different cytoarchitecture, connectivity, and function. The sgACC is associated with arousal mechanisms linked to salient cues, while the pgACC is engaged in conflict decision-making, including in social contexts. After placing same-size, small volume tracer injections into sgACC and pgACC of the same hemisphere in male Macaques, we examined anterogradely labeled fiber distribution to understand how these different functional systems communicate in the main amygdala nuclei at both mesocopic and cellular levels. The sgACC has broad-based termination patterns. In contrast, the pgACC has a more restricted pattern which was always nested in sgACC terminals. Terminal overlap occurred in subregions of the accessory basal and basal nuclei, which we termed ‘hotspots’. In triple-labeling confocal studies, the majority of randomly selected CAMKIIα (+) cells (putative amygdala glutamatergic neurons) in ‘hotspots’ received dual contacts from the sgACC and pgACC. The ratio of dual contacts occurred over a surprisingly narrow range, suggesting a consistent, tight balance of afferent contacts on postsynaptic neurons. Large boutons, which are associated with greater synaptic strength, were approximately 3 times more frequent on sgACC versus pgACC axon terminals in ‘hotspots’, consistent with a fast ‘driver’ function. Together, the results reveal a nested interaction in which pgACC (’conflict/social monitoring’) terminals converge with the broader sgACC (’salience’) terminals at both the mesoscopic and cellular level. The pre-synaptic organization in ‘hotspots’ suggest that shifts in arousal states can rapidly, and flexibly influence decision-making functions in the amygdala. Significance statement The subgenual (sgACC) and perigenual cingulate (pgACC) have distinct structural and functional characteristics and are important afferent modulators of the amygdala. The sgACC is critical for arousal, while the pgACC mediates conflict-monitoring, including in social contexts. Using dual tracer injections in the same monkey, we found that sgACC inputs broadly project in the main amygdala nuclei, whereas pgACC inputs were more restricted and nested in zones containing sgACC terminals (‘hotspots’). The majority of CAMKIIα + (excitatory) amygdala neurons in ‘hotspots’ received converging contacts, which were tightly balanced. pgACC and sgACC afferent streams are therefore highly interdependent in these specific amygdala subregions, permitting ‘internal arousal’ states to rapidly shape responses of amygdala neurons involved in conflict and social monitoring networks.