Risk factors for gastric cancer and related serological levels in Fujian, China: hospital-based case–control study

Objective To explore the relationships between gastric cancer and serum pepsinogen I (PG I), PG II, PG I/II ratio, gastrin 17 (G-17) and Helicobacter pylori infection, and to investigate dietary and lifestyle risk factors for gastric cancer in Fujian Province, China. Design A hospital-based, 1:1 matched case–control study. Setting Patients with newly diagnosed gastric cancer were recruited from the Fujian Provincial Hospital and the No. 900 Hospital of the Joint Support Force of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army between July 2014 and December 2016. Participants A total of 180 pairs of patients with gastric cancer and control subjects were recruited in the study, including 134 (74.4%) male pairs and 46 (25.6%) female pairs. Investigation and analysis measures Serological indicators were tested with ELISA kits. Dietary, lifestyle and psychological factors were investigated through face-to-face questionnaire. Relationships between gastric cancer and these influencing factors were examined by Χ 2 test and conditional logistic regression. Results Serum PG II and G-17 levels and H. pylori infection rate were higher in patients with gastric cancer than in control subjects (p<0.05), while PG I/II ratio was lower in patients with gastric cancer (p<0.05). Serum G-17 levels were higher in patients with corpus gastric cancer than in patients with antral gastric cancer (p<0.05). Serum PG II levels were higher in patients with advanced gastric cancer than in patients with early-stage cancer (p<0.05), however, PG I/II ratio was lower in patients with advanced-stage gastric cancer than in patients with early-stage cancer (p<0.05). Eating hot food (OR=2.32), eating pickled vegetables (OR=4.05) and often feel troubled (OR=2.21) were found to significantly increase the risk of gastric cancer (all p<0.05), while consuming onion or garlic (OR=0.35), drinking tea (OR=0.26), eating fresh fruits (OR=0.55), and high serum PG I (OR=0.99) or PG I/II ratio (OR=0.73) were found to be protective against gastric cancer. Conclusion Study results showed that serum PG, G-17 and H. pylori antibodies could be useful indicators for early diagnosis of gastric cancer. Increase in serum G-17 level might indicate the location of gastric cancer. Increase in serum PG II level and decrease in PG I/II ratio might imply the clinical stage. Eating hot food, eating pickled vegetables and often feel troubled may be risk factors for gastric cancer, while eating fresh fruits, eating onion or garlic, and drinking tea may be protective factors against the disease.