GIN-TONIC: Non-hierarchical full-text indexing for graph-genomes

Abstract This paper presents a new data structure, GIN-TONIC, designed to index arbitrary string-labelled directed graphs representing, for instance, pangenomes or transcriptomes. GIN-TONIC provides several capabilities not offered by other graph-indexing methods based on the FM-index. It is non-hierarchical, handling a graph as a single monolithic object; it indexes at nucleotide resolution all possible walks in the graph without the need to explicitly store them; it supports exact substring queries in polynomial time and space for all possible walk roots in the graph, even if there are exponentially many walks corresponding to such roots. Specific ad-hoc optimisations, such as a precomputed cache, allow GIN-TONIC to achieve excellent performance for input graphs of various topologies and sizes. Robust scalability capabilities and a querying performance close to that of a linear FM-Index are demonstrated for two real-world applications, a human pangenome and transcriptome. Source code and associated benchmarks are available on GitHub. Availability and implementation GIN-TONIC and all related programs are available at https://github.com/uensalo/gin .