Comprehensive Review of Lepidagathis pungens Nees: Pharmacognostic, Phytochemical, and Therapeutic Insights

Introduction: Lepidagathis pungens Nees is an underexplored medicinal plant from the Acanthaceae family with traditional uses in treating inflammation, infections, and chronic diseases. This review aims to consolidate existing ethnomedicinal, pharmacognostical, phytochemical, and pharmacological evidence to assess its therapeutic relevance and future potential. Method: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using databases, such as PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar, focusing on studies from 2000 to 2024. Data from ethnobotanical surveys, phytochemical screenings, and preclinical pharmacological studies were analyzed, along with modern extraction and analytical techniques. Results: L. pungens contains a rich array of bioactive compounds, including flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol), terpenoids (β-caryophyllene, limonene), phenolics (gallic acid), and saponins. These contribute to antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and anticancer activities. Toxicological studies support its safety at traditional doses, and recent innovations highlight its promise in nanomedicine and biotechnological applications. Discussion: The traditional applications of L. pungens are supported by preclinical scientific evidence, indicating its wide pharmacological utility. However, clinical studies are lacking, and standardization of extraction and dosing methods is necessary. Its integration into drug delivery and nanotechnology systems offers novel therapeutic avenues. Conclusion: L. pungens shows significant therapeutic potential supported by phytochemical richness and traditional use. Future interdisciplinary research should focus on clinical validation, compound isolation, and sustainable cultivation to fully harness its value in modern medicine.