Numerical Investigation of Shallow Tunnel Settlement Using the Finite Element Software Plaxis 2D

Shallow tunnels are often subject to settlement, which can compromise the performance and safety of underground structures. This is especially relevant for developing cities that need to construct tunnels for transportation infrastructure projects. This study examines the settlement behavior of shallow tunnels through numerical simulations using the finite element program Plaxis 2D. The study investigates the impact of various factors, including stress magnitude, rock type, tunnel depth, soil layer thickness, and tunnel liner thickness, on the settlement behavior of shallow tunnels. The study also guides the choice of the appropriate tunnel structure for geotechnical practice. The results indicate that different soil and rock types exhibit distinct settlement patterns under both vertical and horizontal deformations. For instance, hard rock has less settlement than weak and medium rock, and deep sand has less deformation than sand and clay. The results also indicate that tunnel liner, load distribution area width, and tunnel type are sensitive parameters that influence tunnel settlement. This study contributes to the understanding of factors that affect tunnel settlement, providing valuable insights for future tunnel design and construction. The findings of this study can help improve the stability and safety of shallow tunnels, as well as assist in developing more accurate settlement prediction models.