Characterization of two novel defensins Han-Def1 and Han-Def2 from Hyalomma anatolicum

Background Hyalomma anatolicum is an important vector of veterinary and zoonotic pathogens, posing potential threats to livestock production and public health. Against the background of rising antibiotic resistance worldwide, it is necessary to explore new antimicrobial candidates. Tick defensins exhibit stable structures and strong antimicrobial activity, making them a valuable resource for the development of novel antibacterial substances. Methods This study identified and characterized two defensin genes, Han-Def1 and Han-Def2 , from H. anatolicum that were upregulated upon bacterial challenge. The genes were cloned, recombinantly expressed, and assessed for antimicrobial, hemolytic, and antioxidant activities. Results Bioinformatic analysis confirmed that Han-Def1 and Han-Def2 are cationic defensins with a conserved cysteine-stabilized α / β fold, clustering phylogenetically with other known ixodid defensins. Both recombinant proteins exhibited potent bactericidal activity against livestock-associated Staphylococcus aureus , Enterococcus faecalis , Bacillus subtilis , with Han-Def1 displaying superior efficacy. Notably, neither peptide inhibited the Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli . At a high concentration of 750 μg/mL (182 μM for rDef1 and 175 μM for rDef2), the hemolytic rate against sheep erythrocytes was <2%, indicating excellent biocompatibility. Both defensins also possessed in vitro antioxidant capacity. Conclusion Collectively, Han-Def1 and Han-Def2 are low-toxicity, selective antimicrobial peptides with potential for developing therapeutics against drug-resistant Gram-positive infections in livestock.