Foxm1 regulates neuronal progenitor fate during spinal cord regeneration

SummaryMammals have limited tissue regeneration capabilities, particularly in the case of the central nervous system. Spinal cord injuries are often irreversible and lead to the loss of motor and sensory function below the site of the damage [1]. In contrast, amphibians such asXenopustadpoles can regenerate a fully functional tail, including their spinal cord, following amputation [2,3]. A hallmark of spinal cord regeneration is the re-activation of Sox2/3+ progenitor cells to promote regrowth of the spinal cord and the generation of new neurons [4,5]. In axolotls, this increase in proliferation is tightly regulated as progenitors switch from a neurogenic to a proliferative division via the planar polarity pathway (PCP) [6–8]. How the balance between self-renewal and differentiation is controlled during regeneration is not well understood. Here, we took an unbiased approach to identify regulators of the cell cycle expressed specifically inX.tropicalisspinal cord after tail amputation by RNAseq. This led to the identification of Foxm1 as a potential key transcription factor for spinal cord regeneration.Foxm1-/-X.tropicalistadpoles develop normally but cannot regenerate their spinal cords. Using single cell RNAseq and immunolabelling, we show thatfoxm1+ cells in the regenerating spinal cord undergo a transient but dramatic change in the relative length of the different phases of the cell cycle, suggesting a change in their ability to differentiate. Indeed, we show that Foxm1 does not regulate the rate of progenitor proliferation but is required for neuronal differentiation leading to successful spinal cord regeneration.