Clinical Practices of Antimicrobial Drugs in Various Hospital-Acquired Infections- A Review Article

Hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) are a significant concern in healthcare settings, resulting in increased morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. Effective management of HAIs relies on appropriate antimicrobial therapy. This research paper aims to review the current clinical practices of antimicrobial drugs in various types of HAIs, including pneumonia, urinary tract infections (UTIs), surgical site infections (SSIs), and bloodstream infections (BSIs). By examining the latest evidence-based guidelines, this paper provides insights into the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial therapy for different HAIs. It also explores the challenges associated with antimicrobial stewardship and the role of multidisciplinary approaches in optimizing patient outcomes while minimizing antimicrobial resistance. Effective management of bacterial infections relies on selecting appropriate antimicrobial drugs, considering factors like infection type, severity, local resistance, and patient characteristics. Gram-positive bacteria are treated with drugs like penicillin, cephalosporins, vancomycin, linezolid, and daptomycin for pathogens like Streptococcus pneumoniae and MRSA. Gram-negative bacteria are targeted using beta-lactams, fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, carbapenems, and polymyxins for organisms like Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Atypical bacteria like Chlamydia pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae are susceptible to macrolides and tetracyclines. Anaerobic bacteria, including Bacteroides fragilis and Clostridium difficile, are treated with metronidazole, while aerobic bacteria like Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus may require fluoroquinolones and beta-lactams. Antimicrobial stewardship programs are essential for responsible antibiotic use, minimizing resistance development, and improving patient outcomes. KEYWORDS: hospital-acquired infections, antimicrobial drugs, clinical practices, pneumonia, urinary tract infections, surgical site infections, bloodstream infections.