Look closely and listen carefully: unexpected cicada diversity in northern Sardinia, with the description of a new species (Cicadidae: Tibicina)

Abstract Integrative taxonomy combines different data sources as a way to detect separately evolving metapopulation lineages or species. This method is applied to cicada populations found in northern Sardinia, based on acoustic, morphological and ecological data. Thereby, the genus Tibicina turned out to be more diverse than previously expected. Besides the anticipated Tibicina corsica corsica and T. nigronervosa, both scientifically described from the neighbouring island of Corsica, two poorly or previously unknown species have been discovered. Tibicina longisyllaba sp. nov. is here described as new. Tibicina corsica s.l. forms a small species complex where syllable periods of the song – the movement cycle of the acoustic organs – are specific without overlaps. Some coloration and hair cover characters, as well as the shape of the song apparatus, are not diagnostic on their own, but highly significant between species. Species occur sympatrically, parapatrically or allopatrically and prefer specific habitats from grassland to closed forests. All four Tibicina taxa are endemic to parts of Sardinia or to the Corso-Sardinian archipelago. The new findings are important for biodiversity conservation and public awareness. The loud, strident calling songs dominate the summer sounds of the islands. The group could form a showcase with respect to biogeography, phylogeny, speciation and sound production.