Maternal Obesity and Neurodevelopment of the Offspring

Background: An increasing amount of evidence, derived from both human epidemiological studies and animal research, suggests that exposure to maternal obesity in utero is linked to adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in the offspring. These can include attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorders, intellectual disability, and cerebral palsy. Methods: A thorough search in Medline/PubMed and Google Scholar databases was performed by two independent reviewers in order to investigate the link between the exposure to maternal obesity and neurodevelopmental outcomes in the offspring. A list of keywords, including maternal obesity, maternal overweight, maternal diet, neurodevelopment, and neuropsychiatric disorders, was used in the search algorithm. Results: The existing evidence regarding the potential mechanisms through which maternal obesity may impact offspring neurodevelopment and programming, such as inflammation, hormone dysregulation, alterations to the microbiome, and epigenetics, as well as evidence from animal studies, was summarized in this narrative review. Conclusions: Maternal obesity seems to be overall associated with various neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders. However, more robust data from future studies are needed to establish this association, which will take into account the role of potential confounders such as genetic factors and gene–environment interactions.