The Human Condition in Hilary of Poitiers

The mid-fourth-century bishop Hilary of Poitiers is better known for his Trinitarian works and theology, but this book assesses his view of the human condition using his commentaries in particular. The commentary on Psalm 118 is shown to be more closely related to Origen’s than previously thought; this in turn explains how his articulations of sin, body, and soul, the Fall, and the will all parallel or echo Origen’s views in this work, but not necessarily in his Matthew commentary. Hilary has a doctrine of original sin (‘sins of our origin’, peccata originis), which differs from the individual personal sins and for which we are individually accountable. He also articulates a fallen will which is in thrall to disobedience and needs God’s help, something God always gives as long as we show the initiative. Hilary’s idea of the fallen will may have developed in tangent with Origen’s thought, which uses Stoic ideas on the process of human action in order to articulate the constraints on purely rational responses. Hilary in turn influences Augustine, who writes against the Pelagian bishop Julian of Eclanum, citing Hilary as an example of an earlier writer with original sin. Since Hilary is known to have used Origen’s work, and Augustine is known to have used Hilary’s, Hilary appears to be one of the stepping-stones between these two great giants of the early church as the doctrines of original sin and the fallen will developed.