CCL5: a novel biomarker in a diagnostic model for bone metastasis in prostate cancer

Abstract Treating metastatic prostate cancer and bone metastasis is challenging, impacting both life quality and survival. CCL5 is known to promote prostate-cancer stem-cell activity, invasion, and metastasis. Here, we evaluated CCL5's role in a diagnostic model of bone metastasis in prostate cancer. Patient data from 2011 and 2022 formed the modelling dataset. Through logistic regression analyses, a classic diagnostic model ("classical model") for bone metastasis in prostate cancer was established. The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database was utilized as the validation dataset. Immunohistochemistry evaluated CCL5 expression in prostate cancer tissues. Incorporating CCL5 as a clinical factor into the dataset yielded a novel diagnostic model. Its performance was assessed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and decision curve analysis (DCA). We collected clinical data from 160 patients with prostate cancer, establishing a modelling dataset for bone metastasis. Patients (2,215) originating from the SEER database were used to construct the validation dataset. T stage, PSA level, Gleason score, and CCL5 level emerged as significant risk factors for bone metastasis, indicating the classical model’s diagnostic significance. Furthermore, when CCL5 was included in the classical model, the CCL5 model exhibited superior discriminatory ability and clinical applicability. CCL5, as a novel biomarker, plays a significant role in the diagnosis of bone metastasis in prostate cancer.