Discovering cyclic causal models in psychological research

Statistical network models have become popular tools for analyzing multivariate psychological data. In empirical practice, network parameters are often interpreted as reflecting causal relationships – an approach that can be characterized as a form of causal discovery. Recent research has shown that undirected network models are likely to perform poorly as causal discovery tools in the context of discovering acyclic causal structures, a task for which many alternative methods are available. However, acyclic causal models are likely unsuitable for many psychological phenomena, such as psychopathologies, which are often characterized by cycles or feedback loop relationships between symptoms. A number of cyclic causal discovery methods have been developed, largely in the computer science literature, but they are not as well studied or widely applied in empirical practice. In this paper, we provide an accessible introduction to the basics of cyclic causal discovery for empirical researchers. We examine three different cyclic causal discovery methods and investigate their performance in typical psychological research contexts by means of a simulation study. We also demonstrate the practical applicability of these methods using an empirical example and conclude the paper with a discussion of how the insights we gain from cyclic causal discovery relate to statistical network analysis.