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Objektiivsest teadmisest C. S. Peirce'i kosmoloogia näitel
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C. S. Peirce püüdis realistlikule pragmatismile tuginedes üsna edukalt välja töötada vahendeid tollal veel kujunemisjärgus olevate teaduste tarbeks – nt sümboolne loogika, semiootika ja kosmoloogia. Peirce’i kosmoloogia on mõneti teenimatult varju jäänud võrreldes ta saavutustega nt semiootikas või loogikas. Kuigi tolle ajastu kosmoloogia oli pigem metafüüsika kui füüsika, peaks arvesse võtma, et Peirce on töötanud ka astrofüüsikuna ja tal peaaegu võimatu vältida kokkupuudet kosmoloogiliste probleemidega. Peirce’i kosmoloogia käsitlemisel tekib oht terminit „teadmine“ ekvivookselt kasutada ja selle vältimiseks tuleb vahet teha erinevatel teadmise tüüpidel. Kosmoloogias läheb sageli tarvis selliseid teadmisi, mis on üpris eripärased: need on väga üldised ja paiknevad teadaoleva piiridel, neid on väga raske kinnitada kogemusega ning neist võib olla raske isegi selgesti mõelda, sest inimlik mõtlemine võib kosmoloogiliste kategooriatega tegelemiseks olla vähesobiv. Sellist teadmist võiks nimetada teaduslikkusele pretendeerivaks teadmiseks universaalidest (ideedest), lühendatult i-teadmiseks. Seda tüüpi teadmise kõrval läheb vaja ka teisi teadmise tüüpe, nt selliseid, mida K. R. Popper liigitas subjektiivseteks ja objektiivseteks. Peirce’i kosmoloogia põhjalikum käsitlemine ei mahu käesoleva artikli raamesse, ent ka eeltöö käigus saab põgusalt vaadelda pragmatitsistliku kosmoloogia kategooriaid ning vaadelda, kuidas võiks neid tõlgendada tänapäevane kosmoloog. Kuigi XXI sajandi füüsika ja kosmoloogia valguses on mõnd Peirce’i seisukohta kerge kritiseerida, tuleb ikkagi tunnustada filosoofi võimet ette näha tulevase teadusliku kosmoloogia alusideid. Artiklis püütakse selgusele jõuda, kas Peirce vigadest ja õnnestumisest võiks olla võimalik õppida, kui püüame täna taas prognoosida, millised ideed võiks tulevases kosmoloogias ja füüsikas olulist rolli mängida. Näib, et kosmoloogiat prognoosides on kasulik pöörata tähelepanu i-teadmisele.
On the basis of realist pragmatism, C. S. Peirce attempted to formulate tools for sciences that were in the process of formation at the time --- such as symbolic logic, semiotics and cosmology --- and was relatively successful in that. As compared to his achievements in semiotics and logic, Peirce's cosmology has somewhat undeservedly been left to relative oblivion. Peirce had worked as an astrophysicist and it was almost impossible for him to avoid contact with cosmological problems. While discussing his cosmology, the danger arises that the term knowledge may be used equivocally. To avoid this, it is necessary to distinguish between different types of knowledge. In cosmology, one often relies on knowledge of a quite particular sort: such knowledge is very general and is situated on the boundaries of what is known; it is very difficult to ascertain such knowledge experientially. After K. R. Popper, a realist may distinguish between subjective and objective knowledge. A pragmaticist may hereby discuss knowledge about real ideas; such knowledge could be termed i-knowledge. I-knowledge could be being made party to or being grasped by real ideas functioning outside ourselves. Expressing this as propositional knowledge is quite problematic or impossible. However, this can sometimes be expressed as principles or paradoxically. Beside this type of knowledge, we need other types. A comprehensive account of Peirce's cosmology will remain out of the bounds of this article but even preparatory work allows for a cursory glance at the categories of pragmaticist cosmology and examine how these might be interpreted by a contemporary cosmologist. Although it is very easy to criticise some Peirce's opinions in the light of 21st-century physics and cosmology, we nevertheless should recognise the philosopher's ability to foresee the fundamental ideas of future scientific cosmology. The article will try to explicate whether it could be possible to learn something from Peirce's errors and successes when forecasting today what ideas might be prominent in future cosmology. In this regard, it seems that i-knowledge could merit special attention.
Title: Objektiivsest teadmisest C. S. Peirce'i kosmoloogia näitel
Description:
C.
S.
Peirce püüdis realistlikule pragmatismile tuginedes üsna edukalt välja töötada vahendeid tollal veel kujunemisjärgus olevate teaduste tarbeks – nt sümboolne loogika, semiootika ja kosmoloogia.
Peirce’i kosmoloogia on mõneti teenimatult varju jäänud võrreldes ta saavutustega nt semiootikas või loogikas.
Kuigi tolle ajastu kosmoloogia oli pigem metafüüsika kui füüsika, peaks arvesse võtma, et Peirce on töötanud ka astrofüüsikuna ja tal peaaegu võimatu vältida kokkupuudet kosmoloogiliste probleemidega.
Peirce’i kosmoloogia käsitlemisel tekib oht terminit „teadmine“ ekvivookselt kasutada ja selle vältimiseks tuleb vahet teha erinevatel teadmise tüüpidel.
Kosmoloogias läheb sageli tarvis selliseid teadmisi, mis on üpris eripärased: need on väga üldised ja paiknevad teadaoleva piiridel, neid on väga raske kinnitada kogemusega ning neist võib olla raske isegi selgesti mõelda, sest inimlik mõtlemine võib kosmoloogiliste kategooriatega tegelemiseks olla vähesobiv.
Sellist teadmist võiks nimetada teaduslikkusele pretendeerivaks teadmiseks universaalidest (ideedest), lühendatult i-teadmiseks.
Seda tüüpi teadmise kõrval läheb vaja ka teisi teadmise tüüpe, nt selliseid, mida K.
R.
Popper liigitas subjektiivseteks ja objektiivseteks.
Peirce’i kosmoloogia põhjalikum käsitlemine ei mahu käesoleva artikli raamesse, ent ka eeltöö käigus saab põgusalt vaadelda pragmatitsistliku kosmoloogia kategooriaid ning vaadelda, kuidas võiks neid tõlgendada tänapäevane kosmoloog.
Kuigi XXI sajandi füüsika ja kosmoloogia valguses on mõnd Peirce’i seisukohta kerge kritiseerida, tuleb ikkagi tunnustada filosoofi võimet ette näha tulevase teadusliku kosmoloogia alusideid.
Artiklis püütakse selgusele jõuda, kas Peirce vigadest ja õnnestumisest võiks olla võimalik õppida, kui püüame täna taas prognoosida, millised ideed võiks tulevases kosmoloogias ja füüsikas olulist rolli mängida.
Näib, et kosmoloogiat prognoosides on kasulik pöörata tähelepanu i-teadmisele.
On the basis of realist pragmatism, C.
S.
Peirce attempted to formulate tools for sciences that were in the process of formation at the time --- such as symbolic logic, semiotics and cosmology --- and was relatively successful in that.
As compared to his achievements in semiotics and logic, Peirce's cosmology has somewhat undeservedly been left to relative oblivion.
Peirce had worked as an astrophysicist and it was almost impossible for him to avoid contact with cosmological problems.
While discussing his cosmology, the danger arises that the term knowledge may be used equivocally.
To avoid this, it is necessary to distinguish between different types of knowledge.
In cosmology, one often relies on knowledge of a quite particular sort: such knowledge is very general and is situated on the boundaries of what is known; it is very difficult to ascertain such knowledge experientially.
After K.
R.
Popper, a realist may distinguish between subjective and objective knowledge.
A pragmaticist may hereby discuss knowledge about real ideas; such knowledge could be termed i-knowledge.
I-knowledge could be being made party to or being grasped by real ideas functioning outside ourselves.
Expressing this as propositional knowledge is quite problematic or impossible.
However, this can sometimes be expressed as principles or paradoxically.
Beside this type of knowledge, we need other types.
A comprehensive account of Peirce's cosmology will remain out of the bounds of this article but even preparatory work allows for a cursory glance at the categories of pragmaticist cosmology and examine how these might be interpreted by a contemporary cosmologist.
Although it is very easy to criticise some Peirce's opinions in the light of 21st-century physics and cosmology, we nevertheless should recognise the philosopher's ability to foresee the fundamental ideas of future scientific cosmology.
The article will try to explicate whether it could be possible to learn something from Peirce's errors and successes when forecasting today what ideas might be prominent in future cosmology.
In this regard, it seems that i-knowledge could merit special attention.
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