Hybrid PVDF/PET triboelectric nanogenerators with improved output for next-gen self-powered devices

With the rise in self-powered gadgets, triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have emerged as a competent option for effective energy harvesting from mechanical motion. This research centers on the phenomenon of triboelectric charge generation at the interface of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) with respect to energy band theory. The study aims to improve the energy harvesting efficiency of TENGs through simulations and experimental work. Contact-separation TENG devices were constructed, and their performance was optimized using COMSOL software by varying parameters such as dielectric layer thickness, surface charge density, and distance. This work shows that TENG devices experience non-linear responses, which many traditional simulations fail to incorporate. Simulations alongside experimental results have shown that TENGs respond to applied force with voltage in a non-linear trend. Based on simulation results, the device has potential for substantial voltage generation; however, power density would benefit from improved geometric configuration and contact methods. This experimental validation supports simulation findings and highlights the PVDF/PET TENG's excellent energy-harvesting capability, even at the lower force levels. A major highlight of this study is that increasing dielectric spacing enhances output voltage and power density in dielectric–dielectric triboelectric nanogenerators. The application of this principle is thought to decrease the reliance on batteries, thereby addressing challenges related to recycling and disposal. This method could enable the advancement of more efficient and eco-friendly energy production and sensor technologies, suitable for applications in wearable electronics, healthcare, and industrial sectors.