Advancements in nanobiochar for environmental remediation: A comprehensive review

  This study delves into the diverse domain of biochar and its nano-variant, discussing their definitions, synthesis methods, properties and applications. Biochar, produced from various raw materials through different synthesis techniques, possesses unique characteristics that make it valuable for a wide range of uses. Nanobiochar, a new derivative, offers improved properties due to its nano-scale structure, enabling advanced applications. The study examines the physical and chemical attributes, surface area and pore structure of nanobiochar, along with methods for its functionalization and modifications. Synthesis techniques for nanobiochar are analyzed and compared with those for biochar and activated carbon. The versatility of nanobiochar is highlighted in its environmental, agricultural and energy applications, especially in water and soil purification, soil enhancement and energy storage. The environmental impact and safety considerations are also discussed, including eco-toxicity assessment, fate and transport in the environment and regulatory aspects. Additionally, the study addresses challenges, future perspectives, emerging trends and potential breakthroughs in nanobiochar research, emphasizing the need for ongoing exploration and innovation. In conclusion, nanobiochar shows great potential as a sustainable and versatile material with extensive applications, but it requires careful consideration of environmental and safety issues.