Effects of Chinese Fir Retention Density on Soil Bacterial Community Structure in Chinese Fir and Betula luminifera Mixed Forests Plantations in China

Mixed broad-leaved trees are particularly effective in addressing ecological issues such as soil degradation and biodiversity loss caused by the dense planting of Chinese fir. Understanding the changes in soil bacterial communities in fir–broadleaf mixed forests as a function of fir retention density may offer new insights for optimizing management practices and enhancing the ecological functions of the underground components of forest ecosystems. In this study, the diversity and composition of soil bacterial communities in mixed Cunninghamia lanceolata and Betula luminifera forests (CFBFs) with diverse retention densities of Chinese fir (1250, 1560, and 1690 trees/hm2) were analyzed. The results suggested that the soil characteristics and microbial communities’ diversity and structure are significantly influenced by the retention densities of Chinese fir in CFBFs. At the aggregate scale, the CFBFs with a retention density of 1560 trees/hm2 presented the greatest soil bacterial community diversity (based on the Chao 1 (3562.75) and Shannon indices (6.58)), and the diversity and richness of soil bacteria initially increase and then decrease as the retention density decreases. In CFBFs, regardless of the retention density, bacterial communities in soil were mainly composed of Acidobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Planctomycetes. The relative abundance of soil Acidobacteria first elevated and afterwards decreased as the retention density decreased, with the highest levels (47.15%) observed in the stand with 1560 trees/hm2 of Chinese fir. The Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA) showed that the soil microbial community structure in CFBEs with a retention density of 1560 trees/hm2 is significantly different from CFBEs with a retention density of 1260, and 1690 trees/hm2. Moreover, with different retention densities of Chinese fir, soil organic C, total N concentrations, and soil pH also significantly affected the diversity and composition of CFBF soil bacterial communities. Our results show that the choice of retention densities significantly influences soil microbial diversity and composition in CFBFs. Optimal retention densities (1560 trees/hm2) of Chinese fir in CFBFs can maximize bacterial diversity and stability, providing management guidance for thinning for sustainable management of the soil microenvironment of CFBFs.