In situ temperature measurement in the pressure chamber of diamond anvil cell

The measurements of temperature directly influence the reasonability of experiments at high pressure and high temperature. In this article, we proposed a new integration design, the built-in thermocouple, for in situ temperature measurements in high-pressure–high-temperature experiments by fusing the characteristics of thermocouples and diamond anvil cells together. By integrating an S-type thermocouple inside the gasket of a diamond anvil cell, we successfully measured the temperature of the sample straight inside the pressure chamber at high pressure and high temperature. The setup underwent multiple experimental tests using internal and external heating techniques, the results of which revealed its capability to directly characterize the temperature of the sample with comparable accuracy and reliability to that of the typical external thermocouple setup. The proposed setup has also resolved the issue of the discrepancy of temperatures inside and outside the sample chamber and enormously expedited the temperature measurements by significantly reducing the response time of the thermocouple. In conclusion, the built-in thermocouple is a promising approach toward high-efficiency, in situ temperature measurements under extreme conditions.