Near-Field Wireless Communication and Power Transfer for Biomedical Implants: Applications, Challenges and Solutions

Electronic bio-implanted medical devices are essential due to their effectiveness in monitoring, disease diagnosis, patient comfort, and safety. Recently, significant efforts have been undertaken to develop implantable and wireless telemetric biomedical systems. Topics such as appropriate near-field wireless communication design, power use, monitoring devices, high-efficiency energy transfer from external to internal parts (implanted), high communication rates, and the need for low energy consumption all significantly influence the advancement of implantable systems. This study reviews various topics related to near-field wireless power transfer (WPT)-based biomedical applications, including WPT types, comparison of WPT types and methods for medical devices, data transmission for WPT-based modulation techniques, and biomedical implantable systems-based WPT. In addition, it extracts research on WPT topologies with related mathematical models—such as power transfer, transfer efficiency, mutual inductance, quality factor, and coupling coefficient—from the literature. The article discusses the effect of specific absorption rate on patient tissue and highlights challenges and solutions for WPT in biomedical implants. Finally, it presents current issues and future developments.