Neural dynamics of relational memory retrieval across eye movements

Abstract Relational memory retrieval entails a dynamic interplay between eye movements and neural activity, yet the temporal coordination of these processes remains unclear. This study examines the relationship between theta and alpha EEG activity and sequential fixations during relational memory retrieval. Participants completed a two-alternative forced-choice associative memory task while their eye movements and EEG were recorded simultaneously. Results reveal a relational eye-movement effect: correctly remembered target elements were disproportionately fixated during later stages of the retrieval sequence. Time-frequency EEG analyses across the test trial show that successful retrieval was characterized by an early, transient increase in theta power and a sustained decrease in alpha power. Gaze-related analyses linked these effects to distinct retrieval processes. The theta effect emerged after the initial cue fixation and predicted retrieval success independently of whether subsequent saccades were directed to the target or distractor. In contrast, the alpha decrease predicted retrieval success only across continued target fixations. These findings connect the relational eye-movement effect to two distinct neural signatures: a nonspecific theta increase, reflecting recollection that may initiate pattern completion, and a target-selective alpha decrease, reflecting sustained reactivation of goal-relevant associations across fixations. Together, these results clarify the temporal dynamics of relational memory retrieval and underscore the role of sequential eye movements in memory-guided behavior.