Pathogenesis of Non-Familial Somatotroph Adenomas

Abstract Context Excess growth hormone (GH) production leading to acromegaly most commonly emanates from an adenomatous pituitary somatotroph. Understanding the pathogenesis of these adenomas will elucidate how biologic behavior affects acromegaly treatment outcomes. Evidence Acquisition We searched PubMed for relevant English-language original research and review articles on signaling pathways and molecular drivers implicated in the pathogenesis of non-familial somatotroph adenomas in patients with acromegaly. Evidence Synthesis Somatotroph cells express cognate G-protein coupled receptors for both hypothalamic stimulatory GH-releasing hormone (GHRH) and inhibitory somatostatin. Somatotroph GH transcription and secretion, as well as somatotroph cell lineage development, proliferation, and differentiation, are mediated by GHRH signaling through its cognate receptor (GHRHR), driving increased intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels. Point mutations in GNAS and other genomic and non-genomic aberrations in the tightly regulated GHRH-GHRHR signaling pathway result in persistent cAMP signaling, inducing GH production and somatotroph proliferation, and potentially favoring the development of sporadic somatotroph adenomas. Enhanced cAMP signaling also increases DNA damage markers and activates DNA damage response pathways, leading to a senescent adenomatous phenotype tightly linked to GH overproduction. Conclusions The cAMP pathway appears to be a dominant molecular driver of somatotroph adenoma pathogenesis. Elevated cAMP drives GH hypersecretion and somatotroph proliferation and also induces DNA damage, as evidenced by increased genomic instability and a senescent signature. Collectively, these findings elucidate a molecular framework for the biological behavior of these adenomas and their responsiveness to therapies targeting cAMP-dependent pathways, including somatostatin receptor ligands.