Bacterial Biofilm Development and Its Relationship with Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection

Biofilms are structured communities of microorganisms embedded in a self-produced extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) matrix; they form by sticking to a surface, growing in number, spreading out, developing fully, and breaking apart. Biofilm represents a risk of infections linked to healthcare environments. It can be one of the leading causes of nosocomial infections, which can colonize the surface of medical equipment, including respirators, urinary and central venous catheters, prosthetic heart valves, and orthopaedic devices. Biofilm formation in urinary catheters is the most common and plays a role in multidrug resistance, especially in patients with catheter-associated urinary tract infections. The supply of antibiotics for the treatment of biofilm bacteria is still inadequate due to continued antibiotic resistance, and the search for a cure for biofilm bacteria in urinary catheters is still under development. Most research currently focuses on preventing biofilm bacteria from adhering to the urinary catheter. This review discusses biofilm bacteria that form with catheter-associated urinary tract infection mechanisms and pathogenesis. In addition, the factors affecting the biofilm development by catheter-associated urinary tract infections were explained.