Manganese and Manganese Alloys

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.History2.Properties2.1.Physical Properties2.2.Chemical Properties3.Occurrence4.Mining and Beneficiation5.Reduction of Manganese Oxides5.1.Manganese ‐ Oxygen System5.2.Reduction of Manganese Oxides with Carbon Monoxide, Hydrogen, and Carbon5.3.Reduction of Mixed Oxides and Minerals Containing Manganese Oxides5.4.Reduction of Manganese Oxides by Silicon5.5.Reduction of Manganese Oxide by Aluminum6.Production of Manganese‐Containing Ferroalloys6.1.Production of High‐Carbon Ferromanganese6.1.1.Production of Ferromanganese in Blast Furnaces6.1.2.Production of Ferromanganese in Electric Arc Furnaces6.1.2.1.Design and Operation of Electric Furnaces6.1.2.2.Raw Materials Required for the Manufacture of High‐Carbon Ferromanganese6.1.2.3.Chemistry of the Process6.1.2.4.Discard‐Slag Practice6.1.2.5.High‐Slag Practice6.2.Production of Silicomanganese6.3.Production of Medium‐Carbon Ferromanganese6.3.1.Production of Medium‐Carbon Ferromanganese by Oxygen Refining of High‐Carbon Ferromanganese6.3.2.Silicothermic Production of Medium‐Carbon Ferromanganese6.4.Production of Low‐Carbon Ferromanganese6.5.Gas Cleaning6.6.Developments and Future Trends7.Production of Manganese Metal7.1.Electrolysis of Aqueous Manganese Salts7.2.Electrothermal Process7.3.Aluminothermic Process7.4.Silicothermic Process7.5.Distillation of Ferromanganese7.6.Electrolysis of Fused Salts8.Manganese as an Alloying Component8.1.Manganese in the Iron and Steel Industry8.2.Manganese in Nonferrous Alloys8.3.Nitrogen‐Containing Manganese Alloys9.Processing of Manganese Nodules and Encrustations9.1.Occurrence, Origin, and Composition9.2.Legal Considerations and Nodule Recovery9.3.Processing9.3.1.Gas Reduction and Ammoniacal Leach Process9.3.2.Cuprion Ammoniacal Leach Process9.3.3.Elevated Temperature and Pressure H2SO4Leach Process9.3.4.Reduction and HCl Leach Process9.3.5.Smelting and H2SO4Leach Process9.4.Economic Viability and Future Prospects10.Economic Aspects