A Traditional and Pharmacological Review on Arjuna: Terminalia arjuna

Erminalia arjuna (Combretaceae), commonly known as Arjuna, is an important deciduous tree extensively mentioned in Ayurvedic literature for its therapeutic potential, particularly in cardiovascular disorders. Traditionally, various parts of the plant, especially the bark, have been employed for the management of ailments such as angina, hypertension, heart failure, diabetes, fractures, ulcers, and skin diseases. The present review aims to compile and critically analyze comprehensive information on the ethnomedicinal uses, phytoconstituents, and pharmacological activities of Terminalia arjuna. Materials and Methods: A systematic search was carried out using universally accepted electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, with keywords “Arjuna” and “Terminalia arjuna.” In addition, data were extracted from Indian classical Ayurvedic texts, standard reference books, authentic pharmacopoeias, and published research articles. Information was also collected manually from relevant scientific sources. Results and Conclusion: The review highlights that Terminalia arjuna contains diverse bioactive compounds such as triterpenoids, flavonoids, glycosides, and tannins, which are responsible for its wide spectrum of pharmacological activities. Multiple in vitro and in vivo studies confirm its cardioprotective, antihyperlipidemic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and wound-healing properties. Despite the traditional emphasis on cardiovascular benefits, emerging research indicates its potential in managing metabolic, hepatic, renal, and degenerative disorders. However, most findings are limited to preclinical models, and more well-designed clinical trials are needed to establish its efficacy and safety. The collected data provide a scientific basis for its traditional claims and indicate a promising scope for future investigations and the development of novel Ayurvedic formulations based on Terminalia arjuna.