Improved G-AgarTrap: A highly efficient transformation method for intact gemmalings of the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha

Abstract Liverworts are key species for studies of plant evolution, occupying a basal position among the land plants. Marchantia polymorpha has emerged as a highly studied model liverwort, and many relevant techniques, including genetic transformation, have been established for this species. Agrobacterium -mediated transformation is widely used in many plant species because of its low cost. Recently, we developed a simplified Agrobacterium -mediated method for transforming M. polymorpha , known as AgarTrap (a gar -utilized transformation with pouring solutions). The AgarTrap procedure, which involves culturing the liverwort tissue in various solutions on a single solid medium, yields up to a hundred independent transformants. AgarTrap is a simple procedure, requiring minimal expertise, cost, and time. Here, we investigated four factors that influence AgarTrap transformation efficiency: (1) humidity, (2) surfactant in the transformation buffer, (3) Agrobacterium strain, and (4) light/dark condition. We adapted the AgarTrap protocol for transforming intact gemmalings, achieving an exceptionally high transformation efficiency of 97%. The improved AgarTrap method will enhance the molecular biological study of M. polymorpha . The present study also provides new possibilities for improving transformation techniques for a variety of plant species.