Topological characterizations of Morse-Smale flows on surfaces and generic non-Morse-Smale flows

<p style='text-indent:20px;'>It is known that <inline-formula><tex-math id="M1">\begin{document}$ C^r $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula> Morse-Smale vector fields form an open dense subset in the space of vector fields on orientable closed surfaces and are structurally stable for any <inline-formula><tex-math id="M2">\begin{document}$ r \in \mathbb{Z}_{\geq 1} $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula>. In particular, <inline-formula><tex-math id="M3">\begin{document}$ C^r $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula> Morse vector fields (i.e. Morse-Smale vector fields without limit cycles) form an open dense subset in the space of <inline-formula><tex-math id="M4">\begin{document}$ C^r $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula> gradient vector fields on orientable closed surfaces and are structurally stable. Therefore generic time evaluations of gradient flows on orientable closed surfaces (e.g. solutions of differential equations) are described by alternating sequences of Morse flows and instantaneous non-Morse gradient flows. To illustrate the generic transitions (e.g. bifurcations of singular points, transitions via heteroclinic separatrices), we characterize and list all generic non-Morse gradient flows. To construct such characterizations, we characterize isolated singular points of gradient flows on surfaces. In fact, such a singular point is a non-trivial finitely sectored singular point without elliptic sectors. Moreover, considering Morse-Smale flows as "generic gradient flows with limit cycles", we characterize and list all generic non-Morse-Smale flows.</p>