Development trajectories and multifaceted challenges: China’s marine spatial planning system since the 1980s

Abstract In the context of China’s ongoing territorial spatial planning reform, establishing a scientifically sound and practically effective marine spatial planning (MSP) system is essential for advancing land–sea integration. Anchored in systematic policy research, this study reviews the development trajectory of China’s MSP system since the 1980s, identifies the structural conflicts embedded within its framework, and proposes forward-looking perspectives derived from the evolution of China’s coastal spatial governance. The study traces the institutional establishment and implementation of six major types of marine plans that constitute the core of China’s MSP framework and provides a diachronic account of their development trajectories. The underpinning institutional reforms reflect the distinct developmental phases of MSP, demonstrating an evolution toward coordinated governance. A comparative analysis of the plans in terms of planning hierarchy, duration, spatial scope, zoning units, and classification systems identifies three persistent challenges: fragmented and administration-centered zoning standards, insufficient integration between marine and terrestrial planning systems, and incomplete technical standards. Drawing on the evolution of China’s coastal spatial governance, the paper concludes with policy insights emphasizing three strategic pathways—technical enhancement, legislative consolidation, and institutional innovation—to strengthen the coherence and adaptability of China’s marine spatial governance system.