Bacteriophage Endolysins - Challenges and their Application Approaches

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global public health concern that jeopardizes the effective prevention and control of emerging infectious diseases. Bacteriophage-derived proteins, such as endolysins, could provide an efficient remedy. Endolysins are bacteriophage-encoded peptidoglycan hydrolases that lyse bacterial cells by targeting their wall, especially Grampositive bacteria with a peptidoglycan layer. In recent years, the scientific community has particularly focused on lytic enzymes due to their specific selectivity, mode of action, engineering potential, and lack of resistance mechanisms. Recombinant endolysins have proven effective against well-known infections including MRSA, Staphylococcus strains that create biofilms, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Endolysins have been explored in combination with other antimicrobials to have a synergistic activity. The Engineered endolysins with outer membrane penetration can help manage multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria and play a vital role in ameliorating widespread bacterial diseases. The Present review examines endolysins' current state and highlights their active potential in controlling bacterial infections.