Performance Analysis of LSTM, GRU and Hybrid LSTM–GRU Model for Detecting GPS Spoofing Attacks

The exposure of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) to Global Positioning System (GPS) spoofing attacks constitutes a major cybersecurity challenge. In this work, we conduct a comparative performance analysis of LSTM, GRU, and sequential LSTM–GRU hybrid deep learning models for the detection of GPS spoofing attacks. The ‘UAV Attack’ dataset was preprocessed, and the 11 most significant features were selected using correlation and mutual information algorithms. The models were evaluated using a robust 5-fold cross-validation framework. A combination of 99.31% accuracy, 96.98% recall, and a 97.47% F1-score was achieved by the LSTM–GRU hybrid model, distinguishing it as the leading performer in the experimental study. The LSTM model achieved the highest precision, with a value of 98.49%. ROC curves and AUC values confirmed that the classification performance of all models was close to perfect for the simulated dataset. The findings indicate that deep-learning-based models incorporating the hybrid LSTM–GRU architectures provide an effective and reliable approach designed to identify GPS-spoofing threats affecting UAVs.