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The effect of variable inertial resistance on force, velocity, power and muscle activation during a chest press exercise
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Abstract
This study investigated the effect of the inertial component of the resistance (
INERTIA
) at different intensity levels (
LOAD
) on force (
FORCE
), velocity (
VELOCITY
), power (
POWER
), and the muscle activity of the pectoralis major (
EMG
PM
), anterior deltoid (
EMG
DA
) and triceps brachii (
EMG
TB
) muscles during a chest press exercise.
A motor-driven exercise apparatus was programmed to offer resistance with different inertial profiles over the range of movement (
ROM
): gravitational-type constant inertia (
I
FULL
); no-inertia (
I
ZERO
); linearly descending inertia along the
ROM
(
I
VAR
). Nine healthy adults performed five, maximal-effort, explosive movements with each inertial profile at 30, 50 and 70% of their 1 repetition maximum. Meanwhile, the
EMG
PM
,
EMG
DA
and
EMG
TB
signals were obtained jointly with the
FORCE, VELOCITY
and
POWER
readings returned by the exercise apparatus.
One-dimensional statistical non-parametric maps based on 2-way repeated measures ANOVA (
SnPM
) were employed to evaluate the effect of
LOAD
and
INERTIA
on the collected timeseries. Paired t-tests were then used as post-hoc tests on the portions of the
ROM
denoting significant differences in the
SnPM
.
Higher
LOAD
resulted in elevated outcomes over large portions of the
ROM
in all the investigated timeseries. Compared to
I
FULL
,
I
ZERO
allowed greater
VELOCITY
at the cost of lower
FORCE
throughout the
ROM
, while
I
VAR
, despite the lower
VELOCITY
than
I
ZERO
, resulted in higher
FORCE
and
POWER
output. In addition,
I
ZERO
and
I
VAR
elevated
EMG
TB
at the end of the
ROM
with respect to
I
FULL
.
I
VAR
overcame both
I
FULL
and
I
ZERO
in terms of
FORCE
and
POWER
, which indicates that variable inertial profiles might be effectively integrated into resistance exercise programs. Ultimately, this study suggested that
INERTIA
acts independently to the imposed
LOAD
on the
FORCE, VELOCITY
and
POWER
production. Coaches and therapists are encouraged to account for the type of
INERTIA
as one of the parameters considered during the exercise selection for their athletes or patients.
Title: The effect of variable inertial resistance on force, velocity, power and muscle activation during a chest press exercise
Description:
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of the inertial component of the resistance (
INERTIA
) at different intensity levels (
LOAD
) on force (
FORCE
), velocity (
VELOCITY
), power (
POWER
), and the muscle activity of the pectoralis major (
EMG
PM
), anterior deltoid (
EMG
DA
) and triceps brachii (
EMG
TB
) muscles during a chest press exercise.
A motor-driven exercise apparatus was programmed to offer resistance with different inertial profiles over the range of movement (
ROM
): gravitational-type constant inertia (
I
FULL
); no-inertia (
I
ZERO
); linearly descending inertia along the
ROM
(
I
VAR
).
Nine healthy adults performed five, maximal-effort, explosive movements with each inertial profile at 30, 50 and 70% of their 1 repetition maximum.
Meanwhile, the
EMG
PM
,
EMG
DA
and
EMG
TB
signals were obtained jointly with the
FORCE, VELOCITY
and
POWER
readings returned by the exercise apparatus.
One-dimensional statistical non-parametric maps based on 2-way repeated measures ANOVA (
SnPM
) were employed to evaluate the effect of
LOAD
and
INERTIA
on the collected timeseries.
Paired t-tests were then used as post-hoc tests on the portions of the
ROM
denoting significant differences in the
SnPM
.
Higher
LOAD
resulted in elevated outcomes over large portions of the
ROM
in all the investigated timeseries.
Compared to
I
FULL
,
I
ZERO
allowed greater
VELOCITY
at the cost of lower
FORCE
throughout the
ROM
, while
I
VAR
, despite the lower
VELOCITY
than
I
ZERO
, resulted in higher
FORCE
and
POWER
output.
In addition,
I
ZERO
and
I
VAR
elevated
EMG
TB
at the end of the
ROM
with respect to
I
FULL
.
I
VAR
overcame both
I
FULL
and
I
ZERO
in terms of
FORCE
and
POWER
, which indicates that variable inertial profiles might be effectively integrated into resistance exercise programs.
Ultimately, this study suggested that
INERTIA
acts independently to the imposed
LOAD
on the
FORCE, VELOCITY
and
POWER
production.
Coaches and therapists are encouraged to account for the type of
INERTIA
as one of the parameters considered during the exercise selection for their athletes or patients.
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