Duplication and divergence of Sox genes in spiders

Abstract Background The Sox family of transcription factors are present and conserved in the genomes of all metazoans examined to data and are known to play important developmental roles in vertebrates and insects. However, outside the commonly studied Drosophila model little is known about the extent or conservation of the Sox family in other arthropod species. Here we characterise the Sox family in two chelicerate species, the spiders Parasteatoda tepidariorum and Stegodyphus mimosarum , which have experienced a whole genome duplication (WGD) in their evolutionary history. Results We find that virtually all of the duplicate Sox genes have been retained in these spiders after the WGD. Analysis of the expression of Sox genes in P. tepidariorum embryos indicates that it is likely that some of these genes have neofunctionalised after duplication. Our expression analysis also strengthens the view that an orthologue of vertebrate Group B1 genes, SoxNeuro , is implicated in the earliest events of CNS specification in both vertebrates and invertebrates. In addition, a gene in the Dichaete/Sox21b class is dynamically expressed in the spider segment addition zone, suggestive of an ancient regulatory mechanism controlling arthropod segmentation as recently suggested for flies and beetles. Together with the recent analysis of Sox gene expression in the embryos of other arthropods, our findings are also indicative of conserved functions for some of these genes, including a role for SoxC and SoxD genes in CNS development, SoxF in limb development and a tantalising suggestion that SoxE genes may be involved in gonadogenesis across the metazoa. Conclusions Our study provides a new chelicerate perspective to understanding the evolution and function of Sox genes and how the retention of duplicates of such important tool-box genes after WGD has contributed to different aspects of spider embryogenesis. Future characterisation of the function of these genes in spiders will help us to better understand the evolution of the regulation of important developmental processes in arthropods and other metazoans including neurogenesis and segmentation.