Geopolitics of cybersecurity - International power dynamics and state security in cyberspace

Research objective: The study aims to analyse the relationship between geopolitics and cybersecurity in the context of international power dynamics and to identify how cyber threats affect national security. It focuses on the mechanisms through which geopolitical tensions translate into operations in cyberspace and on state strategies for building cyber resilience. Methodology: The study employs a systematic literature review and a comparative analysis of NATO and EU member states’ cybersecurity strategies. It uses content analysis of strategic documents, security reports and case studies of cyberattacks targeting critical infrastructure, and also examines legal frameworks and international norms regulating state behaviour in cyberspace. Main conclusions: The findings indicate that cyberspace has become a key domain of geopolitical rivalry in which states employ advanced APT groups to pursue strategic goals. Geopolitical tensions intensify cyber activity by state actors, particularly Russia, China, Iran and North Korea, while international cooperation within NATO and the EU is essential for building cyber resilience, despite persistent gaps in attribution mechanisms and response frameworks. Application of the study: The results can be used to develop national cybersecurity strategies, strengthen international cooperation within defence alliances, design policies for critical infrastructure protection and support the education of cybersecurity professionals. They are also relevant for the defence sector, cyber diplomacy and geopolitical risk management in international organisations. Originality/Novelty of the study: The study offers a comprehensive analysis of the nexus between geopolitics and cybersecurity, providing an integrated perspective that links international relations, national security and technology. It addresses a research gap by systematically examining how geopolitical tensions shape state behaviour patterns in cyberspace and by identifying mechanisms for building international cyber resilience.