Silkworm Interaction and Its Role in Resistance to Bombyx Mori Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus: A Genetic and Molecular Review

Background: Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) is a significant pathogen affecting silkworm populations, leading to substantial economic losses in sericulture. Understanding the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying host resistance is crucial for developing effective control strategies. Objective: This review aimed to synthesize current knowledge on the genetic and molecular interactions between Bombyx mori and BmNPV, identifying key resistance mechanisms and potential strategies for enhancing antiviral defenses. Methods: A narrative review was conducted using literature from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Studies focusing on silkworm immunity, genetic resistance, metabolic pathways, and transgenic approaches were analyzed. Data were synthesized to identify common resistance-associated genes and molecular pathways. Results: Resistance to BmNPV was found to be regulated by dominant and minor genes, metabolic alterations, and immune pathways such as Toll, IMD, and RNA interference. Transgenic silkworms overexpressing antiviral genes demonstrated enhanced resistance without compromising economic traits. Mortality analysis highlighted strain-specific differences in susceptibility. Conclusion: Genetic and metabolic resistance mechanisms play a critical role in BmNPV defense, with transgenic modifications offering a viable strategy for disease control. Findings provide insights into viral resistance models relevant to both sericulture and human virology.