Characterization of Photoprotective Hydroxiapatite from <i>Fringescale sardinella</i> (Valenciennes, 1847) Bones as Natural Sunscreen for Cosmeceutical Treatments

Fish processing industry has led to large amounts of waste every year around the world. However, waste from the fish bone contains valuable compound such as hydroxyapatite (HAp). Fish bones are natural resources and have an attractive added value which contains HAp that can potentially be used as hybrid sunscreen. Therefore, Fringescale sardinella (Valenciennes, 1847) bones have been discovered and HAp was synthesized to be applied in cosmeceuticals applications. The properties of HAp from Fringescale sardinella bones have been characterized with Fourier Transform Infrared Ray (FTIR) and Cytotoxicity test. The emulsions have been formulated and tested under Ultraviolet Visible (UV-Vis) Spectroscopy. Results had indicated that fish bones doped with FeCl2 shows higher tendency as sunscreen compared to MnCl2 and unmodified bones. Thus, the utilization of waste from fish bones will not only adding value to the by-products, but also help in reducing pollution to the environment and preventing from global warming. Hence, formulation on emulsion synthesized from fish bone is designed as a new hybrid innovation in cosmeceutical products and boost up the efficiency of skin prevention from UV radiation.