1813-1818 : les premières occupations de la période contemporaine en France

1813-1818 : the first occupation in the today period in France ; The foreign military occupations of 1813-1818 are the first of the contemporary era. The occupation of 1813-1814 is closely linked to the fightings and ended with the peace treaty of 1814. The other one has at first the same characteristics, but becomes later a guarantee occupation, organized according to the treaty of Paris of november 1815. In 1813-1814, the allied forces occupied mostly the North East and Center East of France, and also the South East. In 1815, most of the northern part of the country, except western Britanny, is occupied, but also all of the eastern boundaries areas. The diversity of the foreign troops reflects the coalitions maked up against the Napoleonic domination in Europe. German troops are the most numerous, but British and Russian units took also a large part during the occupations. Were also present Spanish, Portuguese, Danish and troops from the Netherlands. One mustn’t forget that units from central and eastern Europe, belonging to areas under Austrian or Russian domination also occupied France. Although violence was almost present during that period, it remained under control and it served mostly to control the populations and the country. In spite of that, the contacts between the troops and the civilians, which developed mutual knowledge between European people. Slowly, the figure of the Cossack replaced the Prussian one.