Temporal activity patterns of sympatric wild ungulates in recorded by camera trapping

The utilization of habitats by species reflects their preference for environmental factors and activity patterns. Understanding the coexistence mechanism of wild ungulates is helpful in understanding the intra-inter species survival patterns of wild ungulates. The interactions between species include various forms such as predation, competition, symbiosis, and reproduction, and their occurrence and changes are often closely related to factors such as seasons, daily rhythms, and weather changes. The Baotianman National Nature Reserve in northern China is rich in wild ungulates, but little is known about the daily rhythm patterns of wild ungulates in the area. We studied four representative wild ungulates (i.e. forest musk deer, Chinese goral, Reeve’s muntjac, Siberian roe deer and wild boar) in recorded of camera trapping data, focusing on the seasonal daily rhythm patterns. to reveal their coexistence based on temporal ecological niche differentiation. Comparative analyses of the seasonal daily rhythm respectively. Wild boars, Chinese goral , and forest musk deer show significant differentiation in daily rhythm (p<0.05), while Reeve’s muntjac and Siberian roe deer do not show significant differentiation in daily rhythm rhythms with forest musk deer. Wild boars, Chinese goral, and Siberian roe deer show significant differentiation in their daily rhythm rhythms (p<0.05), while Reeve’s muntjacs do not show significant differentiation in their daily rhythm rhythms with Siberian roe deer. The daily rhythm of forest musk deer shows no significant difference between day and night, indicating a mixed activity pattern of day and night; Reeve’s muntjacs, wild boars, and Chinese goral do not have nocturnal behavior but tend to engage in diurnal behavior. This study can provide new insights for developing conservation strategies for wild ungulates.