Ventilatory efficiency is affected by left ventricular diastolic dysfunction without left ventricular ejection fraction

In the past, the cause of heart failure was considered left ventricular systolic dysfunction, however, left ventricular diastolic dysfunction has also attracted attention of the causes of heart failure. Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction is usually assessed in patients with Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction (HFpEF). HFpEF has been shown a similar mortality rate, compared to Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction (HFrEF). It is important to understand both the pathophysiology and the treatment of HFpEF. HFpEF also shows high rates of underlying diseases including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and non-cardiovascular death. The mechanism of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction is suggested multiple complicated factors. The cardiomyopathy by amyloidosis, hemochromatosis, and sarcoidosis deposits protein or otherwise in the myocardium and stiffens heart and cause left ventricular diastolic dysfunction. COPD occurs lung hyperinflation, increasing pulmonary vascular resistance, increasing right ventricular pressure, mechanical interaction to left ventricle, and causes left ventricular diastolic dysfunction. Calcium handling, fibrosis, inflammation, nitric oxide, and oxidative stress are also considered the cause of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction.