Effective Weed Management Strategies for Sustainable Cultivation of Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.): A Comprehensive Review

Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) is a significant crop in global agriculture, often referred to as "wonder cane" for its slow yet robust growth. Despite its importance, sugarcane faces a critical challenge from weed infestation, which can significantly reduce yields if not properly managed. Weed competition is most intense during the early stages of sugarcane growth, with studies indicating that unchecked weed presence during this critical period can result in yield reductions ranging from 20% to 40%. In some cases, this reduction can reach as high as 70%. This review explores effective weed management strategies for sustainable sugarcane cultivation, emphasizing the importance of controlling weeds during the early phase of crop development. Beyond this phase, the sugarcane crop tends to smother weed growth on its own. However, early and effective weed management is crucial to prevent heavy infestations that could lead to yield loss, increased harvesting costs, and other complications. The Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research (IISR) has developed "Integrated Weed Management," a technology that provides cost-effective weed control solutions for sugarcane farmers. This approach integrates various methods, including pre-emergence and post-emergence herbicide applications, hand weeding, and mechanical cultivation. Pre-emergence herbicides like atrazine and oxyfluorfen, followed by post-emergence applications of glyphosate, have proven effective in controlling weed growth in sugarcane fields. Additionally, certain weed species, such as Paspalum paniculatum and P. urvillei, can cause allopathic effects on sugarcane roots, further emphasizing the need for timely weed management. The implementation of integrated weed management techniques has shown to reduce the weed seed bank, which is crucial for sustainable sugarcane cultivation. These strategies not only ensure higher yields and reduced costs but also support the overall health of sugarcane crops by preventing the proliferation of weeds that could serve as hosts for diseases and pests. By adopting effective weed management strategies, sugarcane farmers can achieve sustainable cultivation, maximizing yield while minimizing environmental impact and ensuring a successful harvest.