Groundwater storage change in Victoria, Australia observed by GRACE and ESA CCI soil moisture products

Accelerating groundwater depletion, driven by climate change and growing groundwater extraction for irrigation, has increased the need for accurate monitoring of this indispensable resource. Traditional methods, such as in-situ water table observations and pumping tests, have proven valuable for continued monitoring of groundwater availability and aquifer characteristics but are limited in assessing groundwater variations at a larger basin scale. In contrast, the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) offers a method to estimate basin-scale groundwater changes, although its estimates encompass not only groundwater in the aquifer but also surface water (e.g., lakes, rivers) and soil moisture in the vadose zone. To delineate groundwater variations accurately from GRACE observations, additional data sources are necessary.In this study, we use the European Space Agency’s Climate Change Initiative for Soil Moisture (ESA CCI SM) in the surface layer (top 0-2cm), which is extrapolated to the profile moisture content for the entire root zone (0-120cm). Utilizing the estimated profile soil moisture, we derive groundwater variations in the southern Victoria region of Australia by subtracting the ESA CCI SM derived soil moisture component from GRACE observations. The estimated groundwater variations agree well with the groundwater mass changes estimated from in-situ observations. This study presents an approach that integrates GRACE observations with profile soil moisture estimates derived from the ESA CCI SM product to assess groundwater variations. The validation against in-situ data indicates that satellite observations of soil moisture and gravity changes can provide robust estimation of basin-scale variations in both profile soil moisture and groundwater.