CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND MITIGATION: THE ROLE OF ACID SULFATE SOILS

Climate change has emerged as a central concern with far-reaching consequences including a rise in global temperatures and sea levels which is attributed to an increase in greenhouse gas emissions. This phenomenon extends beyond environmental realms, impacting economies, human health, and social stability. Amidst this backdrop, acid sulfate soils present a unique challenge. These soils, found in waterlogged areas possess distinct characteristics due to sulfidic materials and extremely low pH values below 4. The objective of this study is to review in detail the role of acid sulfate soils in climate change adaptation and mitigation. Acid sulfate soils can undergo oxidation, causing acidification and the release of toxic elements, posing threats to ecosystems, agriculture, and infrastructure. The discharge of acidic water enriched with metals into water bodies further exacerbates the problem, especially under changing climate conditions. Acid sulfate soils can also emit sulfur-containing gases like hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) alongside other gases like methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrous oxide (N2O) impacting global concerns like acid rain and climate shifts. Coastal wetlands with acid sulfate soils can release carbon when drained, contributing to emissions, and affecting global warming. Research suggests that proper wetland management, water control, and carbon sequestration practices can mitigate these issues. However, gaps in research exist, such as understanding the carbon sequestration potential of acid sulfate soils, the factors influencing greenhouse gas emissions, and the impacts of climate change on acid sulfate soil properties. Continuous monitoring is essential for observing changes in pH levels, mineral composition, and the composition of microbial communities over a long period of time.