Carbonylation—Heterogeneous

AbstractIn this article basic heterogeneous carbonylation catalysts known to date and their application for the conversion of the particular olefins, alcohols, alkanes into carboxylic acids, ketones, aldehydes etc., have been described. Two approaches for the design of heterogeneous catalysts are considered. The first one is a direct heterogenization of high efficiency homogeneous carbonylation catalysts used in the Reppe reaction. This approach is based on the three ways of heterogenization of homogeneous metal complexes: By anchoring on polymers, amorphous oxides or zeolites, and inert carbonaceous supports. These metal‐ or metal‐complex‐supported catalysts usually require alkyl halide promoters. The other approach consists of using the analogues of the liquid strong‐acid catalysts in the Koch reaction, that is, the pure solid acidic catalysts, such as acidic zeolites, heteropoly acids, acidic ion‐exchanged resins, and sulfated zirconia. Analysis of the carbonylation catalysts is given on the basis of the type of support used in the first approach, the required promotor, and the conditions for carbonylation performance (liquid phase or vapor‐phase carbonylation) in both approaches.