Jurij Lotman

Jurij (or Yuri) Lotman (b. 1922–d. 1993) was a Russian semiotician and cofounder of the Tartu-Moscow school of semiotics. A Russian philologist by education, his interests ranged from aesthetics to literary and cultural history; from narrative theory to intellectual history; from cinema to mythology. At the core of his theory is a holistic approach to culture as a system whose main feature is the modeling property. Culture is a structural mechanism that generates structurality through a primary modeling system (the verbal language) and secondary modeling systems (art, literature, religion, mythology, etc.). Clearly inspired in the 1970s by the emergence of structuralism in Moscow, over the years he gave an increasingly dynamic interpretation of “structure,” focusing on the evolution of systems and continuous hybridizations of languages. The idea of dialogue as a condition for cultural evolution is a personal echo of Bakhtin’s theory, which assumes an absolute centrality in Lotman. Cultural evolution comes from the relationship with the Other and the exchange with spaces different from our own. In this frame, the idea of border is also pivotal: cultural identities need to define their own borders, but it is precisely on the borders—lines of separation—that we find the maximum exchange. These ideas form the basis of the theory of semiosphere, a successful neologism that, echoing the biosphere of Vernadskij, points out the holistic, functional, and self-organized quality of cultural systems. In his last works (published posthumously in 2009 and 2013), Lotman’s interest in history and temporal layers of cultures is increasingly in the foreground. He focuses on the predictability or otherwise of historical situations, putting the category of explosion at the center of his reflection, as a moment of unexpected acceleration of the historical-cultural dynamism and the creativity of systems. During the 1970s, Lotman’s works and those of other Soviet semioticians were widely read and proved influential, especially in the field of Slavic studies. In the 1980s, they become influential in American and West European academia. Among the scholars who used Lotman’s concepts are the philosopher Paul Ricoeur, the New Historicist Stephen Greenblatt, the semiotician Umberto Eco, the reception theorist Wolfgang Iser, and the feminist critic Julia Kristeva. From 2000s onward, Lotman’s legacy has been pivotal in the field of semiotics, and relevant also to the field of cultural and media studies.