SELF-ORGANIZATION IN CLIMATE FORMATION ON THE PLANETS OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM

The article substantiates a synergistic approach to explaining the phenomenon of climate formation on the planets of the solar system close to the Earth. Based on the conceptual provisions of synergy, it is shown that the climate of the planets changed in the process of their evolution, the driving force of which is the phenomenon of self-organization of natural systems, the main of which, in relation to the formation of the climate, are: the presence of water (oceans), land, atmosphere and biota. From the point of view of synergistic ideas, self-organizing macroscopic processes constantly occur in nature (in these systems): the orderly movement of particles of matter is opposed to the process of their chaotic thermal movement. The diversity of such macroscopic processes observed in nature represents different types of destruction of the initial ordered states of systems and dissipation of energy accumulated in them. Due to the continuous processes of decay and dissipation of energy, ordered processes can be maintained if there is an influx of energy into the system from another ordered process, for example, from the external environment. For the planets of the Solar System, the external source of energy is radiation from the Sun. The climate on the surface of the planets of the Solar System is determined by the average distribution of solar energy on various macroscopic processes generated by it, taking into account the types and frequency of all possible fluctuations that are the cause of the degradation of the initial states of natural systems on the planets. The Sun's radiation at the time of its formation was 30% weaker than it is today, and then the Sun's luminosity began to increase proportionally with time. This so-called paradox of the young Sun should have affected the climate of the planets: if the Earth's atmosphere 4 billion years ago was the same as it is now, it would have been in a frozen state 2 billion years ago. But data from the study of sedimentary rocks do not confirm this. At least 3.8 billion years ago, the Earth already had oceans, so the Earth's atmosphere had to change as well. The terrestrial planets possibly have once been similar to each other. They were composed of nearly identical rocks, had similar atmospheric compositions, and were large enough to hold water on the surface. The difference in climate on the planets arose due to the different circulation of carbon dioxide during its exchange between the crust and the atmosphere. Like water vapor, carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas because it absorbs the planet's heat and re-radiates some of it back to the surface by letting sunlight through. Calculations show that the Earth's temperate climate owes its origin to the features of the gas exchange mechanism: as the planet cools, the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increases, and vice versa. Mars has lost the ability to return gas to the atmosphere, which is why it is "frozen", Venus, on the contrary, does not have a mechanism for removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, and Mercury is not able to retain an atmosphere at all, and the Sun completely determines the temperature of its surface. The article analyzes the causes and course of such climatic processes as warming, cooling (freezing), the circulation of water vapor and carbon dioxide, the greenhouse effect.