Genomic evidence for hybridization and introgression between blue peafowl and green peafowl and selection for white plumage

Abstract The blue peafowl ( Pavo cristatus ) and the green peafowl ( Pavo muticus ) have significant public affection due to their stunning appearance, although the green peafowl is currently endangered. Some studies have suggested introgression between these the two species, although evidence is mixed. In this study, we successfully assembled a high-quality chromosome-level reference genome of the blue peafowl, including the autosomes, Z and W sex chromosomes as well as a complete mitochondria DNA sequence. Data from 77 peafowl whole genomes, 76 peafowl mitochondrial genomes and 33 peahen W chromosomes genomes provide the first substantial genetic evidence for recent hybridization between green and blue peafowl. We found three hybrid green peafowls in zoo samples rather than in the wild samples, with blue peafowl genomic content of 16-34%. Maternal genetic analysis showed that two of the hybrid female green peafowls contained complete blue peafowl mitochondrial genomes and W chromosomes. Hybridization of endangered species with its relatives is extremely detrimental to conservation. Some animal protection agencies release captive green peafowls in order to maintain the wild population of green peafowls. Therefore, in order to better protect the endangered green peafowl, we suggest that purebred identification must be carried out before releasing green peafowls from zoos into the wild in order to preventing the hybrid green peafowl from contaminating the wild green peafowl. In addition, we also found that there were historical introgression events of green peafowl to blue peafowl in four Zoo blue peafowl individuals. The introgressed genomic regions contain IGFBP1 and IGFBP2 genes that could affect blue peafowl body size. Finally, we identified that the nonsense mutation (g.4:12583552G>A) in the EDNRB2 gene is the genetic causative mutation for white feather color of blue peafowl (also called white peafowl), which prevents melanocytes from being transported into feathers, such that melanin cannot be deposited.