Transcranial electrostimulation and magnetic stimulation: modern physiotherapy technologies

The article presents a comprehensive literature review of two non-invasive neuromodulation methods: transcranial electrical stimulation and transcranial magnetic stimulation. The article considers current research trends, clinical areas of application, and methodological advances in physiotherapy. Particular attention is paid to evidence-based effectiveness, safety protocols, and new therapeutic strategies. To comprehensively analyze transcranial electrical stimulation and transcranial magnetic stimulation, summarize data on their clinical use, and evaluate the existing evidence base on their effectiveness and safety. Material and Methods. The article presents the results of a search of sources in the electronic databases eLibrary.ru, CyberLeninka.ru, and PubMed on the mechanisms and clinical application of transcranial electrical stimulation and transcranial magnetic stimulation. A total of 45 sources (22 domestic and 23 foreign) were cited. Results. Based on an analysis of relevant scientific papers, the significance of transcranial electrical stimulation and transcranial magnetic stimulation in modern rehabilitation practice is summarized, and their role in the treatment of neurological diseases and pain syndromes is revealed. Conclusion. Transcranial physiotherapy methods continue to establish themselves as a key area of modern non-invasive neuromodulation, successfully integrating the achievements of neurophysiology and digital medicine. Their widespread clinical use is due to their safety, the absence of systemic side effects, and proven efficacy in neurological, psychiatric, and rehabilitation conditions — from depression and chronic pain to post-stroke dysarthria and movement disorders.