SPATIOTEMPORAL ANALYSIS OF PM₂.₅ CONCENTRATION IN DHAKA, BANGLADESH (1998–2024)

Air pollution, particularly fine particulate matter (PM₂.₅), has emerged as a critical environmental and public health concern in rapidly urbanizing regions. This study investigates the spatiotemporal variation of PM₂.₅ concentrations in Dhaka and its surrounding districts in central Bangladesh over the period 1998–2024. Using spatial mapping and comparative analysis, the study reveals a significant increase in PM₂.₅ levels over time, with a transition from relatively low and homogeneous concentrations in the late 1990s to highly concentrated and spatially heterogeneous patterns in recent years. The results identify Dhaka as a persistent pollution hotspot, with surrounding districts increasingly affected due to urban expansion and industrial activities. Temporal analysis indicates phases of gradual increase (1999–2003), accelerated growth (2004–2008), peak pollution (2009–2013), fluctuation (2014–2018), and recent variability with temporary improvements followed by renewed intensification (2019–2023). The findings highlight the urgent need for effective air quality management strategies and sustainable urban planning to mitigate the adverse impacts of PM₂.₅ pollution in Bangladesh.